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Genetic Engineering Should Have Boundaries - Free Essay Example

Genetic engineering has been around for the past 50 years and in the past has been a complicated and expensive process. With the introduction of Crispr eight years ago, things have changed dramatically. Genetic engineering has a huge array of applications from agriculture to medicine, surgery, and animal husbandry. Through genetic engineering, many crops have developed immunity to most lethal diseases while also increasing crop yield. Crisper has become a cheap, precise, and easy to use tool in the field of genetic engineering. This has opened the door to a whole new realm of possibilities from eradicating a genetically inherited disease to mosquitoes that are resistant to the malaria parasite. Genetic engineering has been the topic for debate between medical and scientific advancements and ethics. Is it right for scientists to essentially play God, to manipulate the essential building blocks of life and how far is too far when it comes to those manipulations? Because modern genetic engineering techniques have allowed us to manipulate almost anything with DNA, should there be boundaries put on the use of genetic engineering. In 2015 China started the first trials to treat humans with cancer using the crisper gene editing tool. Since 2015 China has done nine trials involving human testing on terminally ill cancer patients. In an article in the Wall Street Journal they talk about the differences between the US and China on their policies regarding human testing. A regulation of Chinas health ministry, which is responsible for medical affairs, authorizes a hospitals ethics committee to approve research on humans (Rana A.1). In 2016 Penn State filed to start their trials on human testing with the NIH and the FDA. They hope to get the final go-ahead to start trials sometime this year. Western scientist the Journal interviewed didnt suggest Americas stringent requirements should be weakened. Instead, many advocate and international consensus on ethical issues around a science that makes fundamental changes to human DNA yet still isnt completely understood (Rana A.1). The difference in policies between the two countries is a cause for concern. The long-term effects of genetic editing have yet to be fully explored and might not show up until later generations. Many scientists worry that the speed with which China has started their trials could lead to irreparable damage to the field down the road. Crisper needs to be treated like a double-edged sword, on the one side, the potential benefit to humans could be huge but on the other the damage could be irreversible. Work needs to be done to get countries on the same page ethically to keep from making mistakes that could cost everyone. Genetically modified organisms in agriculture have been around since the 1980s. Monsanto introduced their Roundup resistant crops which sparked the debate of the safety of GMO products. The first GMO products spliced in DNA from different species into plants to create something new. The main reason for genetically modifying plants was to aid in the resistance to diseases that were wiping the plants out. By modifying plants genetically, they could fortify the immune system of the plant. On average, GM technology has increased crop yields by 21%. These yield increases are not due to higher genetic yield potential, but to more effective pest control and thus lower crop damage. At the same time, GM crops have reduced pesticide quantity by 37% and pesticide cost by 39% (Klumper). Statistically, GMOs have a longer lifespan than other foods. This means they can be transported farther, without fear of them going bad, to destinations that lack nutritious food. With the invention of Crispr new genetically edited foods no longer use DNA from different species but now can be used to turn on and off different genes in the DNA of a plant to get the desired trait. This is similar to what farmers do with plant breeding, only instead of using mother nature the plants DNA is physically manipulated by scientists. Right now, the FDA, USDA, and EPA do very little to regulate genetically edited crops. There is a lack of unbiased scientific research creating questions about the long-term effects on the environment and human beings. The ability to create a tailor-made baby may be a long way off, but it is in our future and something that we need to discuss now. Scientists have been working hard to eradicate genetically inherited diseases. Genetic engineering with Crispr may be one of the best tools that scientists can use to help them achieve that goal. In pursuit of that goal, who knows what they might find along the way, a gene that could increase muscle mass or a gene that changes the color of the eyes. The technology is advancing more rapidly than societies discussion about human genetic engineering, the specter of eugenics and even the seemingly mundane topics of who will own the patents on customized genes and who will have access to gene editing once it is approved (GMO Humans A12). When GMOs were first introduced they were heavily regulated by the USDA and EPA. Over time regulation on these genetically edited products has mostly been lifted. Due to the lack of regulation it is difficult to determine the long-term effects that GE products might produce. Due to the cost-effectiveness of crisper it has given rise to a new form of citizen scientists called biohackers. The community shared projects and ease of obtaining gene fragments now make it easier for DIY genetic engineering. Already a research team at the University of Alberta has recreated from scratch an extinct relative of smallpox, horsepox, by stitching together fragments of mail-order DNA in just six months for about $100,000 † without a glance from law enforcement officials (Baumgaertner). In the United States laws that pertain to biotechnology have not been significantly updated in decades. Regulations to govern new technologies have to rely on outdated frameworks. Currently, any research done that seeks government funding undergoes strict scrutiny, yet over half of the nations scientific research and development is paid for by private sources. This means that over half of the nation scientific research and development is self-regulated. This allows scientists greater flexibility for the pursuit of scientific discovery and innovation but may create experiments that cross the line ethically.

Thomas Jefferson University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Thomas Jefferson University is a private university with an acceptance rate of 58%. Combined with Philadelphia University in 2017, Thomas Jefferson University is commonly referred to as Jefferson. Located in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jeffersons park-like 100-acre campus is situated 15 minutes northwest of downtown Philadelphia. The university has a 12-to-1  student / faculty ratio  and offers 80 undergraduate programs. Popular majors include fashion merchandising, architecture, and graphic design. In athletics, the Jefferson Rams compete in the NCAA Division II  Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference. Considering applying to Thomas Jefferson University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Thomas Jefferson University had an acceptance rate of 58%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 58 students were admitted, making Jeffersons admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 4,522 Percent Admitted 58% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 23% SAT Scores and Requirements Thomas Jefferson University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 76% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 540 620 Math 520 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Jeffersons admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Jefferson scored between 540 and 620, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 620. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 520 and 620, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1240 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Jefferson. Requirements Jefferson does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Jefferson participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Jefferson requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 18% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 28 Math 21 27 Composite 22 28 This admissions data tells us that most of Jeffersons admitted students fall within the top 36% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Jefferson received a composite ACT score between 22 and 28, while 25% scored above 28 and 25% scored below 22. Requirements Note that Jefferson does not require the ACT writing section. Jefferson does not provide information about the schools ACT score policy. GPA Thomas Jefferson University does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Admissions Chances Thomas Jefferson University, which accepts just over half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. If your SAT/ACT scores fall within the schools average range, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Keep in mind, however, that Jefferson also has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your test scores. A strong  application essay  and  glowing letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Thomas Jefferson Universitys average range. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting In  with a free Cappex account. If You Like Thomas Jefferson University, You May Also Like These Schools: Drexel UniversityHoward UniversityUniversity of DelawareBoston UniversityTemple UniversityPratt InstituteHofstra UniversityNortheastern UniversityUniversity of PittsburghNew York UniversitySyracuse University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Thomas Jefferson University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Vietnam War Position Paper - 2011 Words

Vietnam War â€Å"You never knew who was the enemy and who was the friends,† said a marine officer who took part in a conflict deemed the longest war in Unites States history (My). The Vietnam War was not only the longest war in US history, as it took place from 1959 to 1975, but it is also considered one of the most controversial conflicts to date. This war, also known as the second Indochina War, occurred in the countries of Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. It was fought between communist North Vietnam, supported by its allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and the other members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, who wanted to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Although the struggle originally was between†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, â€Å"Agent Orange,† the chemical used in the defoliation process, not only destroyed the coverage of the Vietcong, but also adversely impacted the ordinary people who ingested these harmful toxins (Vietnam Spartacus). However, this seemingly cruel behavior was a reasonable act on behalf of the US troops, because this was the deceptive nature of guerilla warfare that the Vietcong insisted on using. Another reason why the US treatment of Vietnamese citizens was justified in the context of the war was because many of America’s actions towards the civilians were merely a means of enforcing the policy of containment, in order to benefit the citizens of Vietnam. One of the main reasons that the Unites States even got involved in the Vietnam War was to prevent a communist takeover of Vietnam and all of Southeast Asia for that matter. This theory, known as the domino theory, presented the idea that if Vietnam fell to communism, it would be more likely that other nations around it would join the â€Å"communist bloc,† which would soon spread throughout the world (Wars). The main attempt to stop this communist insurgency was to isolate the civilians from contact with the NLF. In order to do so, the US advisors to the Diem regime implemented the Strategic Hamlet Program, as well as theShow MoreRelatedExploring Howard Zinns Life 1575 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores Howard Zinn’s life as an influential historian and public intellectual. It argues for his critical, singular position as an academic who left a mark on generations of Americans as well as international persons by guiding us all to critically view various institutions and structures of power, particularly in the realm of government. By looking at four major aspects of his life, as radical historian, civil rights crusader, anti-war activist, and labor rights activist, the paper delineatesRead MoreHamburger Hill Shows the Reasons against the Vietnam War674 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the Vietnam War you think about Hamburger Hill. This battle was one of the hardest fought battles in the Vietnam War. The battle on Hamburger Hill had a very important role on why President Nixon implemented Vietnamization, a policy to reduce American ground combat and put the responsibility on the South Vietnamese Army. This battle is the reason why we shouldn’t have been in Vietnam War and why the American people should have honored the Vietnam veterans that fought in this unpopular war. ThroughoutRead MoreEssay on Critical Circumstances of the Vietnam War1607 Words   |  7 PagesCRITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE VIETNAM WAR The Vietnam War was a cold war that spanned from 1956 to the fall of Saigon on April 30th 1975. 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During the years of 1961-1975 - the era in which the war ha d its greatest effect on Americans - theRead MoreThe Vietnam War Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War Student unrest and the Vietnam War In the middle 1960s, every male in America had to register for Selective Service Draft at age 18. He would then be eligible for the draft and could be inducted into the Army for a period of two years. If you were a college student, you could receive a deferment and would be able to finish college without the fear of being drafted. However, once finished with college, a students name would be put to the very top of the draft list and could beRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was Devastating Time For Not Just America1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was devastating time for not just America, but worldwide. This War lead to 1 million, four hundred and fifty thousand casualties from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. This devastating number only increased when you also take into account the other side, the Americans, with more than 50,000 casualties. One may argue that a major reason the Vietnam War occurred was due to the disagreement between the Soviet Reds and the Great Uncle Sam after Worl d War 2. The Reds wanted to spread communismRead MoreFollowership And Leadership Of General Schwarzkopf876 Words   |  4 PagesArmy as a follower and a leader. Schwarzkopf’s Army career began with experiencing the Vietnam War, Cold War and eventually commanding the US Central Command (CENTCOM) during Operation Desert Storm and Desert Shield. His ability as a follower and leader influenced multiple layers of personnel in executing military operations, and fostering affiliations amongst the military leadership in the fog of war. This paper will focus on followership and leadership of General Schwarzkopf successful Army careerRead MoreWork Horse Of The Vietnam War1159 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper June 26, 2017 Work horse of the Vietnam War When thinking about the Vietnam War, one of the first things that comes to mind, for me is seeing clips of helicopters in Vietnam. The helicopter was made in to a pop culture element when thinking about the war. Like in the movie â€Å"We Were Soldiers† the glorified usage of helicopters in the battle of La Drang. Many news broadcasters from the time use images and videos of the war. The helicopter played a huge role in the Vietnam war, one thatRead MoreVietnam War : History And History1695 Words   |  7 Pages http://www.scribd.com/doc/28238272/Vietnam-War-DBQ#scribd Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Americans became uneasy not only about the troubled position of the United States in world affairs, but also about the disorder wrought at home byforeign entanglements. 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Concept of Total Factor Productivity-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on What is total factor productivity growth and why is it Important? Answer: Introduction Total factor productivity is a neo classical concept. The conventional growth model describes the output growth assuming constant return to scale with given technology. Total factor productivity was first accounted in Solow growth model. In Solow model, it is taken as a residual term that is portion of output that remains after considering the contribution of all other factors. The focus of the essay is to define total factor productivity and to explain its importance for the economy. Total Factor Productivity captures all the unexplained factors affecting output growth. In todays world, it has become a key determinant of economic growth. Most of the developed countries have accounted a higher rate of productivity growth. Even for developing nations, the contribution of Total Factor Productivity is notable. In this context, the development issues in Asia are discussed. After the global financial crisis, Total Factor Productivity contributed significantly in recovering the crisis. The growth of East and Southeast Asian countries accounted for huge growth rate in the late 1990s. The essay examines whether factor productivity is the driving factor for speculative growth experience in these countries. Total Factor Productivity Production Process comprise of utilizing the factor of production in the best efficient ways. The level of output depends on the scale of production. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) shows the production relation not in terms of quantity but in terms of quality (Van Beveren 2012). The amount of output depends on not only the quantity of input but also on how efficiently they are being used. It actually explains the residual output that is output beyond the quantity of input. There is a positive functional relation between the output of an economy and the physical and human capital invested in the production process. The future growth rate is computed by the observed growth of physical and human capital given the technology. The standard assumption of growth forecast is that the production function exhibits constant return to scale and there is perfect competition in the factor market. Mismatch between actual output and that is predicted is either due to violation of the standard assumption or due to change in the unexplained factors like institutional change, changes in the technology and so on (Erken, Donselaar and Thurik 2016). These deviating factors are together called growth in Total Factor Productivity. Measure of Total Factor Productivity Total factor Productivity traces out the contribution of technological progress in total output. This can be understood by using the following production function: Y = AF (L, K) Y= total output L= amount of labor input K= amount of Capital A is the technology used in production process. It is the measure of factor productivity. Economic growth is indicated by the growth of total output. The growth accounting expression looks as follows Growth in Output = Contribution + Contribution + Growth in Total Factor Of Capital of Labor Productivity This equation identifies three sources of economic growth; proportionate change in Capital, Proportionate change in Labor and change in factor productivity. and (1-) is the share of Capital and Labor in the production process following a Cobb-Douglas production function. Total factor Productivity cannot be measured directly. Cross Country, data are available on output growth, participation of labor, investment in capital. Using this information the growth of total factor productivity is calculated as output growth less the contribution of labor and capital. Thus, it gives an indirect measure of Productivity growth. A/A is the change in output that the physical factors fail to explain (Acs 2013) It is computed as a residual that is the proportion of output growth that is left after considering all the other components that can be observed directly. Importance of Total Factor Productivity The concept of Total Factor Productivity is crucial for growth accounting analysis. Nations with increasing factor productivity are able to attain a higher economic growth even when other factors remain constant (Van Ark 2014). Improvement in factor productivity can be achieved for various reasons. The most accounted reason is the change occurred from technological progress. With increasing knowledge about production technique, the factors can be used more productively. Apart from technological progress, there are other factors as well that can contribute to higher productive growth. Government intervention can increase or decrease total factor productivity. For example, if government raises its spending to improve the quality of education then the labor force become more productive and contribute to a higher output (Fontana and Setterfield 2016).On the other hand if the objective of the government is to protect the environment or to increase the workers safety then reverse result ca n be obtained. In this situation, government implements some law that forces the firms to invest more capital to reduce the pollution or to improve workers safety. Here, despite increase in capital investment output does not change. Hence, implies constant or decreasing total factor production. TFP provides explanation of short run and long run economic fluctuation, long run economic growth and Cross-country income differences (Fontana et al. 2016) The literature of real business cycle indicates a strong correlation of the productivity growth with the output and labor hours. The relation between TFP and long run growth is first traced by the growth accounting model developed by Robert Solow. In this model, technological progress is treated as exogenous. The effect of technological progress is captured with a slight extension of Solow growth model named as endogenous growth model where technology is taken as an endogenous factor affecting long run growth. By linking TFP with technological innovation, this has significant implication for business cycle fluctuation (Kurz and Salvadori 2014) Total Factor Productivity has become an important determinant of steady long run economic growth (Benigno,Ricci and Surico 2015).Economic growth is defined as a continuous increase in the per capita income, which in turn depends on the total output. A steady growth in output actually indicates Economic growth. Greater the return from the input higher is the output. Return from the invested input depends on the technology. Better technology means higher output per unit of input. Installation of advanced technology produces higher return from invested capital stock.TFP is also important in determining the output per worker. Change in the output per worker depends on the input per worker and growth in factor productivity. In Western and Southern Europe the combine, growth of measured input and Productivity is responsible for significant growth there ( Tung 2016). The inter country difference in per capita income is also explained by the Total Factor Productivity. Two nation endowed with same amount of natural resources may have different output growth. This is due to different return from input, which implies different factor productivity. Development issue in Asia and Total Factor Productivity Increasing total factor productivity growth is becoming a crucial factor for development of Asian economies especially after the global financial crisis recovery. Total Factor Productivity has increased significantly in the phase of recovery (Anand et al. 2014).Investment in human capital has improved the quality of labor force and hence productivity. The decision to open up the economy in different spheres and effective government intervention contribute positively to productivity growth. Most of the countries shifted their focus from physical capital accumulation to the growth of TFP. Previously the economy was suffering from a deficiency of capital and low per capita income. With the new strategy, it now shifted to middle-income group nations. The increasing stock of capital helped to handle the problem of diminishing marginal return to capital. Prior to 1990 capital accumulation was the driving factor of growth in Asia. Until 2002 this trend continued. Major shift in structural c omposition had taken place around 2002 (Imai et al 2014). Since then the importance of TFP in growth accounting started increasing. Prior to 2000 capital accumulation was significantly higher in Asia and the contribution of TFP was not that much. This is shown in the following table: Table 1: Average growth of output and input in Asia during 2000 Output growth 1.58 Capital 2.17 Human Capital 0.96 Total Factor Productivity 0.22 TFP relative to Output 0.14 (Source: Economic Planning Unit) Nations growth depends on both the manufacturing and service sector growth. The contribution of Total Factor productivity in development of service sector is also important. In this context, the case of Malaysia where service sector plays a dominant role in considered (Sufian and Habibullah 2014). The growth of service sector in Malaysia is primarily based on increasing efficiency. However, output growth in the concerned sectors and sub sectors are resulted from considerable technological progress along with labor and capital growth. As a result productivity growth is primarily targeted in different Malaysian plan. The targeted Factor Productivity Growth in 8th and 9th Malaysian plan is shown in the following table: Table 2: Contribution of Factors of Production Factor 8MP 9MP Growth (%) Contribution(%) Growth (%) Contribution(%) GDP 4.7 100 4.2 100 Labor 1.5 33.2 1.3 30.8 Capital 1.8 37.8 1.4 34.5 TFP 1.4 29.0 1.5 34.7 (Source: Economic Planning Unit) The increasing focus in TFP has proved fruitful for Malaysia (Lee and McKibbin 2014). The service sector growth is positive because of improvement in technical efficiency. The growth in sub industries is also contributed from the improved technical efficiency. Two sub sectors where TFP is a significant determinant of growth are real estate agents and advertising agencies. Though it is difficult for Malaysia to make its own technological innovation, focus should be given to the adaption of imported advance technology. Evidence from East Asia In the history of Asian growth experience, the speculative growth of some East Asian countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan needs analysis. Given the importance of TFP growth, it is assumed that the main driving factor should be TFP growth. However, result turns to be opposite. Empirical evidence suggest that TFP growth of these countries was not that much high. In fact, it is zero for some countries. The growth resulted from rising capital accumulation. This gives a contrasting result to that fact that higher capital accumulation leads to technological enhancement (Gereffi and Wyman 2014). The evidence of output growth cannot be ignored for these East Asian Tigers. The growth of per capita income during 1960-1990 was even greater than that in United States. This moves the countries from world poorest countries to the world richest one (Jia and chao 2016). Detail study on the growth data found that increasing growth rate for East Asian Tigers is resulted from the massive increase in measured factor input. Participation of labor force, capital stock and educational attainment all increase simultaneously. For example, South Korea Investment GDP ratio reached 30% from a mere 5%. The percentage of working population having minimum high school education increased almost three fold from 26% to 75% (Cooke and Jiang 2017). Hence, most of the output growth is explained by the component of traditional growth theory like labor, capital stock and human capital. The special case of zero productive growth in Singapore is due to its own policy set up (Samaniego and Sun 2016). The government forced people there to save a significant portion of their income. Thus, the national saving is increased. Problem was in their way to adapt foreign technology. They skip several stages before launching the new technology to avoid cost. Hence, the ultimate result was a technological failure and zero productive growth. On the other hand, for China, Taipei a significant portion of overall growth is accounted by TFP. Conclusion The concept of Total Factor Productivity is important not only in explaining growth but also in explaining other important macroeconomic aspects. The long-term growth of nation is greatly influenced by the factor productivity. Business cycle fluctuation, inter country income differences are well explained with the help of total factor productivity. In neo-classical growth model, (Solow model) total factor productivity is computed as a residual term from the growth accounting equation. Later on, development of endogenous growth model made this concept clear by linking it with RD. With improvement in technology, factor productivity increases and hence output. Not only developed countries but also the developing countries are showing progress in technological front either directly investing in RD or imitating foreign technology. TFP has contributed a significant portion of output in Asian countries. Most of them have successfully adapt advanced technology by following learning by doing. Exception has obtained only in case of East Asian Tigers. Their higher growth rate is not resulted from high growth of productivity but it is explained by the accumulation of physical and human Capital. Special case is observed in Singapore that accounted virtually zero productive growth. As a whole Total Factor productivity is important for growth. Government should give increasing focus for the improvement in productivity growth by increasing investment in education, technology and the like to improve the growth scenario. References Acs, Zoltan J. 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