Thomas Jefferson University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Thomas Jefferson University is a private university with an acceptance rate of 58%. Combined with Philadelphia University in 2017, Thomas Jefferson University is commonly referred to as Jefferson. Located in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jeffersons park-like 100-acre campus is situated 15 minutes northwest of downtown Philadelphia. The university has a 12-to-1  student / faculty ratio  and offers 80 undergraduate programs. Popular majors include fashion merchandising, architecture, and graphic design. In athletics, the Jefferson Rams compete in the NCAA Division II  Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference. Considering applying to Thomas Jefferson University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Thomas Jefferson University had an acceptance rate of 58%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 58 students were admitted, making Jeffersons admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 4,522 Percent Admitted 58% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 23% SAT Scores and Requirements Thomas Jefferson University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 76% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 540 620 Math 520 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Jeffersons admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Jefferson scored between 540 and 620, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 620. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 520 and 620, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1240 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Jefferson. Requirements Jefferson does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Jefferson participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Jefferson requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 18% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 28 Math 21 27 Composite 22 28 This admissions data tells us that most of Jeffersons admitted students fall within the top 36% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Jefferson received a composite ACT score between 22 and 28, while 25% scored above 28 and 25% scored below 22. Requirements Note that Jefferson does not require the ACT writing section. Jefferson does not provide information about the schools ACT score policy. GPA Thomas Jefferson University does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Admissions Chances Thomas Jefferson University, which accepts just over half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. If your SAT/ACT scores fall within the schools average range, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Keep in mind, however, that Jefferson also has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your test scores. A strong  application essay  and  glowing letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Thomas Jefferson Universitys average range. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting In  with a free Cappex account. If You Like Thomas Jefferson University, You May Also Like These Schools: Drexel UniversityHoward UniversityUniversity of DelawareBoston UniversityTemple UniversityPratt InstituteHofstra UniversityNortheastern UniversityUniversity of PittsburghNew York UniversitySyracuse University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Thomas Jefferson University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Vietnam War Position Paper - 2011 Words

Vietnam War â€Å"You never knew who was the enemy and who was the friends,† said a marine officer who took part in a conflict deemed the longest war in Unites States history (My). The Vietnam War was not only the longest war in US history, as it took place from 1959 to 1975, but it is also considered one of the most controversial conflicts to date. This war, also known as the second Indochina War, occurred in the countries of Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. It was fought between communist North Vietnam, supported by its allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and the other members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, who wanted to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Although the struggle originally was between†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, â€Å"Agent Orange,† the chemical used in the defoliation process, not only destroyed the coverage of the Vietcong, but also adversely impacted the ordinary people who ingested these harmful toxins (Vietnam Spartacus). However, this seemingly cruel behavior was a reasonable act on behalf of the US troops, because this was the deceptive nature of guerilla warfare that the Vietcong insisted on using. Another reason why the US treatment of Vietnamese citizens was justified in the context of the war was because many of America’s actions towards the civilians were merely a means of enforcing the policy of containment, in order to benefit the citizens of Vietnam. One of the main reasons that the Unites States even got involved in the Vietnam War was to prevent a communist takeover of Vietnam and all of Southeast Asia for that matter. This theory, known as the domino theory, presented the idea that if Vietnam fell to communism, it would be more likely that other nations around it would join the â€Å"communist bloc,† which would soon spread throughout the world (Wars). The main attempt to stop this communist insurgency was to isolate the civilians from contact with the NLF. In order to do so, the US advisors to the Diem regime implemented the Strategic Hamlet Program, as well as theShow MoreRelatedExploring Howard Zinns Life 1575 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores Howard Zinn’s life as an influential historian and public intellectual. It argues for his critical, singular position as an academic who left a mark on generations of Americans as well as international persons by guiding us all to critically view various institutions and structures of power, particularly in the realm of government. 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Concept of Total Factor Productivity-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on What is total factor productivity growth and why is it Important? Answer: Introduction Total factor productivity is a neo classical concept. The conventional growth model describes the output growth assuming constant return to scale with given technology. Total factor productivity was first accounted in Solow growth model. In Solow model, it is taken as a residual term that is portion of output that remains after considering the contribution of all other factors. The focus of the essay is to define total factor productivity and to explain its importance for the economy. Total Factor Productivity captures all the unexplained factors affecting output growth. In todays world, it has become a key determinant of economic growth. Most of the developed countries have accounted a higher rate of productivity growth. Even for developing nations, the contribution of Total Factor Productivity is notable. In this context, the development issues in Asia are discussed. After the global financial crisis, Total Factor Productivity contributed significantly in recovering the crisis. The growth of East and Southeast Asian countries accounted for huge growth rate in the late 1990s. The essay examines whether factor productivity is the driving factor for speculative growth experience in these countries. Total Factor Productivity Production Process comprise of utilizing the factor of production in the best efficient ways. The level of output depends on the scale of production. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) shows the production relation not in terms of quantity but in terms of quality (Van Beveren 2012). The amount of output depends on not only the quantity of input but also on how efficiently they are being used. It actually explains the residual output that is output beyond the quantity of input. There is a positive functional relation between the output of an economy and the physical and human capital invested in the production process. The future growth rate is computed by the observed growth of physical and human capital given the technology. The standard assumption of growth forecast is that the production function exhibits constant return to scale and there is perfect competition in the factor market. Mismatch between actual output and that is predicted is either due to violation of the standard assumption or due to change in the unexplained factors like institutional change, changes in the technology and so on (Erken, Donselaar and Thurik 2016). These deviating factors are together called growth in Total Factor Productivity. Measure of Total Factor Productivity Total factor Productivity traces out the contribution of technological progress in total output. This can be understood by using the following production function: Y = AF (L, K) Y= total output L= amount of labor input K= amount of Capital A is the technology used in production process. It is the measure of factor productivity. Economic growth is indicated by the growth of total output. The growth accounting expression looks as follows Growth in Output = Contribution + Contribution + Growth in Total Factor Of Capital of Labor Productivity This equation identifies three sources of economic growth; proportionate change in Capital, Proportionate change in Labor and change in factor productivity. and (1-) is the share of Capital and Labor in the production process following a Cobb-Douglas production function. Total factor Productivity cannot be measured directly. Cross Country, data are available on output growth, participation of labor, investment in capital. Using this information the growth of total factor productivity is calculated as output growth less the contribution of labor and capital. Thus, it gives an indirect measure of Productivity growth. A/A is the change in output that the physical factors fail to explain (Acs 2013) It is computed as a residual that is the proportion of output growth that is left after considering all the other components that can be observed directly. Importance of Total Factor Productivity The concept of Total Factor Productivity is crucial for growth accounting analysis. Nations with increasing factor productivity are able to attain a higher economic growth even when other factors remain constant (Van Ark 2014). Improvement in factor productivity can be achieved for various reasons. The most accounted reason is the change occurred from technological progress. With increasing knowledge about production technique, the factors can be used more productively. Apart from technological progress, there are other factors as well that can contribute to higher productive growth. Government intervention can increase or decrease total factor productivity. For example, if government raises its spending to improve the quality of education then the labor force become more productive and contribute to a higher output (Fontana and Setterfield 2016).On the other hand if the objective of the government is to protect the environment or to increase the workers safety then reverse result ca n be obtained. In this situation, government implements some law that forces the firms to invest more capital to reduce the pollution or to improve workers safety. Here, despite increase in capital investment output does not change. Hence, implies constant or decreasing total factor production. TFP provides explanation of short run and long run economic fluctuation, long run economic growth and Cross-country income differences (Fontana et al. 2016) The literature of real business cycle indicates a strong correlation of the productivity growth with the output and labor hours. The relation between TFP and long run growth is first traced by the growth accounting model developed by Robert Solow. In this model, technological progress is treated as exogenous. The effect of technological progress is captured with a slight extension of Solow growth model named as endogenous growth model where technology is taken as an endogenous factor affecting long run growth. By linking TFP with technological innovation, this has significant implication for business cycle fluctuation (Kurz and Salvadori 2014) Total Factor Productivity has become an important determinant of steady long run economic growth (Benigno,Ricci and Surico 2015).Economic growth is defined as a continuous increase in the per capita income, which in turn depends on the total output. A steady growth in output actually indicates Economic growth. Greater the return from the input higher is the output. Return from the invested input depends on the technology. Better technology means higher output per unit of input. Installation of advanced technology produces higher return from invested capital stock.TFP is also important in determining the output per worker. Change in the output per worker depends on the input per worker and growth in factor productivity. In Western and Southern Europe the combine, growth of measured input and Productivity is responsible for significant growth there ( Tung 2016). The inter country difference in per capita income is also explained by the Total Factor Productivity. Two nation endowed with same amount of natural resources may have different output growth. This is due to different return from input, which implies different factor productivity. Development issue in Asia and Total Factor Productivity Increasing total factor productivity growth is becoming a crucial factor for development of Asian economies especially after the global financial crisis recovery. Total Factor Productivity has increased significantly in the phase of recovery (Anand et al. 2014).Investment in human capital has improved the quality of labor force and hence productivity. The decision to open up the economy in different spheres and effective government intervention contribute positively to productivity growth. Most of the countries shifted their focus from physical capital accumulation to the growth of TFP. Previously the economy was suffering from a deficiency of capital and low per capita income. With the new strategy, it now shifted to middle-income group nations. The increasing stock of capital helped to handle the problem of diminishing marginal return to capital. Prior to 1990 capital accumulation was the driving factor of growth in Asia. Until 2002 this trend continued. Major shift in structural c omposition had taken place around 2002 (Imai et al 2014). Since then the importance of TFP in growth accounting started increasing. Prior to 2000 capital accumulation was significantly higher in Asia and the contribution of TFP was not that much. This is shown in the following table: Table 1: Average growth of output and input in Asia during 2000 Output growth 1.58 Capital 2.17 Human Capital 0.96 Total Factor Productivity 0.22 TFP relative to Output 0.14 (Source: Economic Planning Unit) Nations growth depends on both the manufacturing and service sector growth. The contribution of Total Factor productivity in development of service sector is also important. In this context, the case of Malaysia where service sector plays a dominant role in considered (Sufian and Habibullah 2014). The growth of service sector in Malaysia is primarily based on increasing efficiency. However, output growth in the concerned sectors and sub sectors are resulted from considerable technological progress along with labor and capital growth. As a result productivity growth is primarily targeted in different Malaysian plan. The targeted Factor Productivity Growth in 8th and 9th Malaysian plan is shown in the following table: Table 2: Contribution of Factors of Production Factor 8MP 9MP Growth (%) Contribution(%) Growth (%) Contribution(%) GDP 4.7 100 4.2 100 Labor 1.5 33.2 1.3 30.8 Capital 1.8 37.8 1.4 34.5 TFP 1.4 29.0 1.5 34.7 (Source: Economic Planning Unit) The increasing focus in TFP has proved fruitful for Malaysia (Lee and McKibbin 2014). The service sector growth is positive because of improvement in technical efficiency. The growth in sub industries is also contributed from the improved technical efficiency. Two sub sectors where TFP is a significant determinant of growth are real estate agents and advertising agencies. Though it is difficult for Malaysia to make its own technological innovation, focus should be given to the adaption of imported advance technology. Evidence from East Asia In the history of Asian growth experience, the speculative growth of some East Asian countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan needs analysis. Given the importance of TFP growth, it is assumed that the main driving factor should be TFP growth. However, result turns to be opposite. Empirical evidence suggest that TFP growth of these countries was not that much high. In fact, it is zero for some countries. The growth resulted from rising capital accumulation. This gives a contrasting result to that fact that higher capital accumulation leads to technological enhancement (Gereffi and Wyman 2014). The evidence of output growth cannot be ignored for these East Asian Tigers. The growth of per capita income during 1960-1990 was even greater than that in United States. This moves the countries from world poorest countries to the world richest one (Jia and chao 2016). Detail study on the growth data found that increasing growth rate for East Asian Tigers is resulted from the massive increase in measured factor input. Participation of labor force, capital stock and educational attainment all increase simultaneously. For example, South Korea Investment GDP ratio reached 30% from a mere 5%. The percentage of working population having minimum high school education increased almost three fold from 26% to 75% (Cooke and Jiang 2017). Hence, most of the output growth is explained by the component of traditional growth theory like labor, capital stock and human capital. The special case of zero productive growth in Singapore is due to its own policy set up (Samaniego and Sun 2016). The government forced people there to save a significant portion of their income. Thus, the national saving is increased. Problem was in their way to adapt foreign technology. They skip several stages before launching the new technology to avoid cost. Hence, the ultimate result was a technological failure and zero productive growth. On the other hand, for China, Taipei a significant portion of overall growth is accounted by TFP. Conclusion The concept of Total Factor Productivity is important not only in explaining growth but also in explaining other important macroeconomic aspects. The long-term growth of nation is greatly influenced by the factor productivity. Business cycle fluctuation, inter country income differences are well explained with the help of total factor productivity. In neo-classical growth model, (Solow model) total factor productivity is computed as a residual term from the growth accounting equation. Later on, development of endogenous growth model made this concept clear by linking it with RD. With improvement in technology, factor productivity increases and hence output. Not only developed countries but also the developing countries are showing progress in technological front either directly investing in RD or imitating foreign technology. TFP has contributed a significant portion of output in Asian countries. Most of them have successfully adapt advanced technology by following learning by doing. Exception has obtained only in case of East Asian Tigers. Their higher growth rate is not resulted from high growth of productivity but it is explained by the accumulation of physical and human Capital. Special case is observed in Singapore that accounted virtually zero productive growth. As a whole Total Factor productivity is important for growth. Government should give increasing focus for the improvement in productivity growth by increasing investment in education, technology and the like to improve the growth scenario. References Acs, Zoltan J. "Economic growth, national systems of entrepreneurship and the solow residual."National Systems of Entrepreneurship and the Solow Residual (February 8, 2013)(2013). Anand, Rahul, Mr Kevin C. Cheng, Sidra Rehman, and Ms Longmei Zhang.Potential growth in emerging Asia. International Monetary Fund, 2014. Benigno, Pierpaolo, Luca Antonio Ricci, and Paolo Surico. "Unemployment and productivity in the long run: the role of macroeconomic volatility."Review of Economics and Statistics97, no. 3 (2015): 698-709. Cooke, Fang Lee, and Yumei Jiang. "The growth of non?standard employment in Japan and South Korea: the role of institutional actors and impact on workers and the labour market."Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources55, no. 2 (2017): 155-176. Erken, Hugo, Piet Donselaar, and Roy Thurik. "Total factor productivity and the role of entrepreneurship."The Journal of Technology Transfer(2016): 1-29. Fontana, Giuseppe, and Mark Setterfield, eds.Macroeconomic Theory and Macroeconomic Pedagogy. Springer, 2016. Gereffi, Gary, and Donald L. Wyman, eds.Manufacturing miracles: paths of industrialization in Latin America and East Asia. Princeton University Press, 2014. Imai, Katsushi S., Raghav Gaiha, Abdilahi Ali, and Nidhi Kaicker. "Remittances, growth and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries."Journal of Policy Modeling36, no. 3 (2014): 524-538. Jia, Junxue, and Yunxia Chao. "Growth strategy and TFP growth: comparing China and four Asian tigers."Economic and Political Studies4, no. 2 (2016): 156-170. Kurz, Heinz D., and Neri Salvadori. "12 Endogenous growth in a stylised classicalmodel."Revisiting Classical Economics: Studies in Long-Period Analysis(2014): 247. Lee, Jong-Wha, and Warwick J. McKibbin. "Service sector productivity and economic growth in Asia." (2014). Samaniego, Roberto M., and Juliana Y. Sun. "Productivity growth and structural transformation."Review of Economic Dynamics21 (2016): 266-285. Sufian, Fadzlan, and Muzafar Shah Habibullah. "The impact of forced mergers and acquisitions on banks total factor productivity: empirical evidence from Malaysia."Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy19, no. 1 (2014): 151-185. Tung, Jia Jun, Wee Wee Lau, Yi Hwee Lim, Zhen Siew Toh, and Iong Jiun Chua. "Economic Analysis on Foreign Labour and Total Factor Productivity Growth: The Case of Europe, United States, Canada and Malaysia." PhD diss., UTAR, 2016. Van Ark, Bart.Total factor productivity: Lessons from the past and directions for the future. No. 271. Working Paper Research, 2014. Van Beveren, Ilke. "Total factor productivity estimation: A practical review."Journal of Economic Surveys26, no. 1 (2012): 98-128

Person And Society Essays - Civilizations, Sumer, Thomas Hobbes

Person And Society In this paper I will try to explain the puzzle of whether individuals are products of society or society is a product of individuals. I believe that in general, and in the beginning, the answer to this question, is that society is a human product. I will start by presenting early man, the hunter and gatherer as an early form of society, but lacking critical qualities of a society. Then I will continue to support my theory by analyzing the beginning of known society some three and one half thousands years ago. I will present the individual as creation of society, or more precisely, an ongoing social recursive conditioning. I will also present society as creation of individuals. Finally, I will conclude my paper with some thoughts on the paradox of who is the product and who is the producer of the individual and society. EARLY MAN According to Charles Darwin, man developed from the ape. Darwins theory of evolution appears to be unsupported though, because for thousands of years these apes have been there, but none of them have developed into human beings nor did Darwin ever find the missing link. Although unproved, there must be a process of evolution. And if there was evolutionary process, a few of the steps in-between still must be missing. Since man is not asexual, man did not, and could not, survive or prosper by himself. Early man grouped together with other hunters and gathers to form a family which brought order, direction, and stability to his life. According to Rousseau, the earliest and only natural societies are families (Primis 192). The point here is that the individuals choose to become a part of something larger than the individual. But if Rousseau is correct, there was a time when the individual gave up certain freedoms to find security within a group. This is contra to Thomas Hobbes view. It was not until significant scientific advances in the nineteenth century that the view of this seventeenth century philosopher Hobbes has his views rejected. Hobbes stated that the life of early man was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. Hobbes thought that early man was scarcely even human and a club-wielding savage. At either rate, early man lacked the qualities that were considered by John Locke as necessary to begin a society even though it is believed that groups and families existed. Society as Product of Individuals Some three and one half thousands years ago a group of individuals gathered their resources together to form the first civilization named Sumer. The people that lived there were called Sumerians. The Sumerians began as a primitive race stemming from the hunters and gatherers who came to the area known as southern Mesopotamia to form the first permanent human settlement. By the end of their occupation in Mesopotamia, they had created the beginnings of society as we know it today. It has been said by the locals that this place is the fabled Garden of Eden and also according to tradition, Eden existed in the marshes of this fertile land that is today known as Iraq today. The lands of Sumer were fertile and in close relationship to two major rivers which are known as the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers today. The fertile lands were feed by the rivers and allowed the settlers to stop the migratory habits of their predecessors or early man. The constant migration of early man had prevented any real education to exist as they were always on the move in search of food and shelter. Early man was only concerned with survival, which meant that they did not have the leisure time to give thought to the development of academia. The Sumerians, which found the development of agriculture an easy task in this land, found that they had time to develop culture and devote time to academic studies. The Sumerians conceived and began development of mathematics, reading, writing skills and the written text on cunieform tablets, the wheel and agricultural technology, which are heavily relied upon in today's society. By 3,000 BC, the written script of the Sumerians had evolved into a full syllabic alphabet. The Sumerian's gift of writing made possible for the recording of history for the first time. The recording of literature, science, society and history is a lasting legacy of the Sumerians and our society. The individuals in the Sumer originated the development of society through the codes of law that was written as, and to be, social policy. These were the first written laws

Fashion helps us to define and show who we are and what we do

Fashion helps us to define and show who we are and what we do Introduction Fashion is like a kind of visual arts: people come to Karl Lagerfeld’s fashion show and express their excitement the same way they do at the Louvre when looking at da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Fashion is like sports: everybody wants to outstrip competitors and be the best.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Fashion helps us to define and show who we are and what we do specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fashion is like a magic wand: it seems to one that he/she just needs to put on a new splendid outfit, and his/her life will change completely. Funny as it may seem, these words are hardly an overstatement: today, fashion is constantly in the spotlight in media and remains one of the most discussable things in society. Scholars give different evaluations to the influence of fashion on contemporary people emphasizing both positive and negative social impacts; however, the fact of this influence is evident. That is why it is reasonable to continue the study of how fashion trends influence an individual’s life and how they are perceived by people. The paper aims at describing the influence fashion has upon our lives. The key notion of this discussion is identity. It is quite broad and can be defined in different ways; there are several levels of identity, and each of them requires particular discussion (Schwartz and Pantin 4). This approach seems to be appropriate for investigating fashion: as Loughran (4) marks, on the one hand, when people make decision about what to put on, they focus on their own principles, interests, and preferences. On the other hand, fashion trends find their origins in culture, traditions, social processes etc. and thus promote people’s integration. The study embraces three levels of identity and implies discussion of several questions, such as: How can be the notion of one’s identity defined? What is the mechanism of influence o f fashion on an individual’s identity? For an individual who demonstrates interest towards fashion trends and adjusts his/her style to them, is fashion a means of demonstrating belonging to some group, or, backwards, the way to highlight his/her exceptionality? How does the communicative function of fashion work? What expectations do individuals have about the results of efforts they make to follow the fashion trends? Fashion helps us to define and show who we are and what we do, and the research below aims at understanding how this help comes to be. The study includes analysis of scholars’ works and study of the cases from history and contemporary media.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Levels of Identity Scholars offer different schemes of an individual’s identity depending on the identity levels they mark out. Based on Erikson’s and Marcia’s models, Schwartz and Pantin (1-40) describe five levels of identity, which are: Ego identity; Personal identity; Social identity; Ethnic identity; Cultural identity. Hall (cited in Kirchner 3) offers a generalized model of one’s identity, which includes three levels: Individual; Collective; National. It is possible to state that the individual level included into this scheme corresponds to the ego identity and personal identity from the abovementioned model; the collective identity is similar to the social identity; national identity is similar to ethnic identity and cultural identity. For the aims of this study, the three-level identity model is used in analysis of the link between fashion and identity. Below, the role of fashion at each of identity levels is discussed. Individual Identity It is reasonable to begin the study with the level of an individual identity, which can be defined as â€Å"a kind of self-identification as a human being with co gnitive and social capabilities† (Kirchner 3). An individual’s appearance is considered to be an important element of his/her identity: as Craik (137) argues, â€Å"†¦Our body image forms the basis of our idea of self and identity as an individual, shaped both by our bodily performance and by how others perceive us†. This corroborates the reasonability of studying the â€Å"individual-fashion† link. The notion â€Å"individual identity† includes a set of characteristics that outline who an individual is and how he/she is perceived by the other people. It seems reasonable to say that one’s identity is a priceless and inalienable asset he/she is lucky to possess. Not accidentally, an individual feels the desire to â€Å"communicate† his/her individual identity to the society (Kellner 264). Oscar Wilde highlighted the importance of this â€Å"communication† with humor and at the same time very precisely, â€Å"It is only shal low people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible† (quoted in Davis 1). The â€Å"messages† about one’s individual identity are numerous: style of life, interests, masculinity/femininity, ambitions, good taste, intelligence, profession, wealth, any kinds of personality traits etc. At the same time, a range of devices used in expression of these characteristics is also very wide: color and color combinations, silhouette, cut, fabric, length, style, texture and oth. (6)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Fashion helps us to define and show who we are and what we do specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different combinations of these devices provide one with an opportunity for eloquent self-expression and endless experiments. Fashion is able to express any â€Å"dramatic type† one chooses: conservative, cool, glamorous, successful, t ender, intelligent, charismatic, â€Å"snobbish†, passionate and oth.; fashion specialists are always ready to offer the audience the corresponding style. In her (2005), Reynolds provides a broad range of â€Å"fashion personality† types, for example: the â€Å"classic type† preferred by women who â€Å"want to make a good impression†, â€Å"think long term†, and â€Å"self-monitor†; the â€Å"creative sparkler† type offered to bright females who â€Å"have many different sides and like to express them all, mixing colors, moods, and textures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; the â€Å"nature girl† type which is for women who want to emphasize their inner world and â€Å"prefer comfort over fashion†, etc (157-159). However, keeping in mind the fact that every individual is unique and inimitable, it is reasonable to assume that a number of such â€Å"fashion personalities† is incredibly big. Evolution of one’s identity starts at the moment of his/her birth; some characteristics are formed under the influence of the external environment (Schwartz and Pantin 8). Thus, it is interesting to answer the following question: how do one’s dressing habits form? Craik (136) offers an interesting term â€Å"prestigious imitation†: it reflects a young individual’s desire to â€Å"imitate† people whom they consider to be authoritative. Small children copy the actions their parents take and â€Å"absorb† the knowledge about what is good and what is inadmissible. Fashion also becomes an object of â€Å"prestigious imitation†: a child understands what he/she can put on for different occasions; being provided by the external environment, this knowledge is extending. However, this may give birth to a question: does this mean that the way an individual looks is formed by the environment only, regardless of his/her personality? Kellner disproves this statement (263) and refers to an interesting example of Madonna, a famous American singer. Madonna’s extravagant style was not created as a means of drawing attention of the audience; the singer began forming it during her young years: being pushed by the teenage â€Å"rebel spirit†, the future star began experimenting with her clothes – as Madonna herself says, â€Å"Only because we knew that our parents didn’t like it† (265).Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The abovementioned example can be evaluated from the perspective of fashion’s communicative function. Craik (137) talks about social â€Å"performing† and â€Å"projection† of bodies: an individual has a desire to communicate to the society who he/she is. Fashion â€Å"equips† one with a choice â€Å"of clothes, style, and image through which one could produce an individual identity† (Kellner 264). Thus, Madonna makes her original choice in clothes and style in order to brightly and precisely demonstrate to the society who she is and how she perceives herself. Fashion and other industries use the idea of â€Å"choice† to address customers’ individual identity and increase sales. Providing different â€Å"modifications† of the same goods, brands give customers an opportunity to show who they are thus fulfill their self.† African Arts 36.1. (2003): 52-65. Mendis, Patrick. Glocalization: The Human Side of Globalization as if the Washington Consensus Mattered. Morrisville, N. C.: Lulu Press, 2007. Reynolds, Susan. Change Your Shoes, Change Your Life: Strut Your Way to a Fabulous New You! Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2005. Rolley, Katrina. â€Å"Love, Desire and the Pursuit of the Whole.† Eds. Ash, Julieth, and Elizabeth Wilson. Chic Thrills: A Fashion Reader. Berkeley Calif.: University of California Press, 1992. 30-39. Sevanen, Erkki. â€Å"The Study of Cultural Identity: Development and Background of a Multi-Disciplinary Field of Research.† Eds. Kupianen, Jari, Erkki Sevanen, and John A. Stotesbury, Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2004. 33-63. Schwartz, Seth J. and Hilda Pantin. â€Å"Identity Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: The Interface of Self, Context, and Culture.† Ed. Columbus, Alexandra, Advances in Psychology Research. Volume 45. Huntington , N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, 2006: 1-40.

The Foreign Policy Processes in France and Germany in the Post-Cold Essay

The Foreign Policy Processes in France and Germany in the Post-Cold War Era. What evidence is there that Germany has embarked on a normal foreign policy - Essay Example Following the war, there was a strong need for states to re-establish themselves on the world stage, especially in terms of foreign policy. The collapse of the Soviet Union meant that a new world order was necessary, as there was no longer the bipolarity of two warring superpowers (Ikenberry, 1996). Instead, the new world could be considered in one of two ways. Either unipolar, with the United States representing the centre of the worlds power and the only superpower, or multipolar, where there are many different centres of power, including Japan, Germany and China (Krauthammer, 1990). Many of the previously reliable reference points from which different states developed their foreign policy were gone, and thus the need to determine new areas of reference and new policies, were essential (Scott, 1998). There was no longer a common enemy of the Russians or a single unifying threat. Communism was also quickly collapsing, with the Berlin Wall being brought down around a year after the C old War finished. This represented a large change worldwide and one that had to be contended with in policy decisions for each government. The end of the Cold War resulted in a dramatic fall in the prevalence of communism worldwide and this caused a significant shift in the balance of power (Hopmann, 1994). As nations attempted to build new alliances and to secure current ones, foreign policy became one of the most important factors on the agendas of different nations. The German nation suffered from the limitation of stigmatism following the Second World War and this influenced their foreign policy.... The German nation suffered from the limitation of stigmatism following the Second World War and this influenced their foreign policy. France was not subject to the same limitation and as a consequence had more freedom in their decisions regarding foreign policy. Following the Cold War, it was unknown whether multiple world powers would emerge, or whether the United States would remain as the sole superpower. From the German perspective, there was the idea that the Germany could emerge to be one of the new superpowers, or Europe in general . One of the biggest changes that the end of the Cold War brought about for Germany and for Europe in general was the bringing down of the Berlin Wall. Like the end of the Cold War, this signified the collapse of the Soviet power . This lifted the threat of war that had been present in Europe for more than 40 years . Unification of East and West Germany occurred within a year of the end of the Cold War, and the country moved its focus back to the in ternational environment . One important issue for Germany was to decide whether they would be involved in nuclear weapons. This is a reflection of traditional concerns about security, and additionally may be related to a desire to be independent and to develop a distinctive ‘German’ identity . Germany was faced with an additional problem. It was not long after the Second World War, and much of the world was still wary about the country. As a consequence, their foreign policy had to take this into account. They could not focus on security to such an extent that it made them appear as a threat to other countries. Germany’s foreign policy focused on remaining a civilian entity, rather than building military might, and consequently, did not

The Baroque Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Baroque Period - Essay Example The Baroque Era of Music is traditionally considered the period of time between 1580 and 1760. As with other art forms of the period, the Baroque Era of music is noted for its ornate qualities. One of the most notable music forms coming out of this period was the Opera. Although there were variations of the Opera throughout Europe, including Italy, Germany, England and France, during the Baroque Period, they all contained several interlocking threads: the ornate set designs, beautiful melodies and professional presentation. The opera was originally designed as a form of entertainment for the court and as such usually spared no expense in their set design and elaborate costumes. Operas of this time period used â€Å"different approaches to singing and embellishment (even bowing) and freer attitudes toward improvisation.One of the main focuses in Baroque style music was the expressiveness of the era itself was expressed so beautiful in the music of this time period – bold, arti culate and free flowing. â€Å"There are people -- actors, preachers, and public speakers, singers -- called upon to use their voices in public spaces with bigger or smaller voices. And these Baroque composers, Handel for example, understood the human voice probably like nobody before or after.† (Giles, 1999, 43). By far the Baroque Era can be summed up musically, as with the era itself, grand. It was larger that life. The elaborate spectacles were designed to entrain while vocalizing with flare and flash the grandeur of the period. Thought provoking always; it was reaching out and questioning with a style and grandeur that can only be termed is Baroque. This style of music and its very nature, like the development of counterpoint itself during this era was a period of exploration and growth with heavy influences of the church the music was almost a release from any societal conceived limitations. It was freedom of expression beautiful performed with the flourish and bold vis ual impact, intricate musical embellishment and theatrical dramatization. This age of conceptualizing and wondering had respect for the past but also an eye on the future. This was expressed also through the literary works focusing on one of the artistic masters of the time period, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Using the inquisitive, questions style typified by many of the writers of the Baroque period Pino Di Silvestro, the author, beautifully rediscovers the literary flair of the time period. Like the renewed emergence of the importance of the church as an entity during this time period literature and art marked "a similar subversion of the status quo is to be found in those of